Psychotherapy that is concerned with the treatment of observable behaviours

Psychotherapy that combines cognitive therapy with behaviour therapy by identifying faulty patterns of thinking, behaviour, and emotional response and substituting them with desirable patterns of thinking, behaviour, and emotional response

Therapy for couples, (married or not) with the goal to the relationship

Procedure, done under general anaesthesia, in which small electric currents are passed through the brain to quickly reverse symptoms of certain mental illnesses

Helps to resolve interpersonal conflict, deal with grief or changes, and develop better relationships

Psychotherapy that uses CBT and mindfulness meditative practices

Therapy that helps patients identify and solve problems that arise from life stressors

A psychological service provided by a trained professional that primarily uses forms of communication between patients and therapists to help people with a broad variety of mental illnesses and emotional difficulties

Used with older people, involves encouraging the person to remember and review events in their life

A non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression

This therapy uses yogic principles and practices physical yoga postures, meditation, breathing techniques, and relaxation exercises-to improve mental and physical well-being

A pattern of observable behaviours that is the expression of a subjectively experienced feeling state (emotion)

A feeling of fear or apprehension about the future

The physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli

The state of having lost through death someone with whom one has had a close relationship

A false belief based on incorrect inference about external reality that is firmly held despite what almost everyone else believes and despite what constitutes incontrovertible and obvious proof or evidence to the contrary. The belief is not ordinarily accepted by other members of the person's culture or subculture (i.e., it is not an article of religious faith)

Measure of overall disease burden expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability, or early death

A legally recognised physical or mental condition that limits a person's movements, senses, or activities

The combined effect of years lived with loss of health owing to diseases and injuries

Comprehension and appreciation of others' experiences and motivations; tolerance of differing perspectives; understanding the effects of own behaviour on others

A specified duration of time during which the patient has developed or experienced symptoms that meet the diagnostic criteria for a given mental disorder

The public (and usually legally recognized) lived role as boy or girl, man or woman

A perception-like experience with the clarity and impact of a true perception but without the external stimulation of the relevant sensory organ

The feeling that causal incidents and external events have a particular and unusual meaning that is specific to the person

Experience of oneself as unique, with clear boundaries between self and others; stability of self-esteem and accuracy of self-appraisal; capacity for, and ability to regulate, a range of emotional experience

A misperception or misinterpretation of a real external stimulus, such as hearing the rustling of leaves as the sound of voices

Denotes lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, asexual, and adding to the acronym is an acknowledgment that there are non-cisgender and non-straight people who are not included in the acronym to denote all other gender and sexual minorities

The proportion of individuals in a population that at some point in their life (up to the time of assessment) have experienced a case, such as a disease, a traumatic event, or a behaviour

A state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community

characterised by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotional regulation, or behaviour. It is usually associated with distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.

Knowledge about mental disorders that aid in their recognition,management, and prevention

A broader term that includes not only mental illnesses, but also less severe symptoms

The consequences and complications (other than death) that result from a disease

A neurodivergent person's neurological development and state are a typical, usually viewed as abnormal or extreme, for example, a person with a developmental disorder or mental illness

A concept where neurological differences are to be recognized and respected as any other human variation. These differences can include those labelled with Dyspraxia, Dyslexia, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Dyscalculia, Autistic Spectrum, Tourette Syndrome, and others

The opposite of Neurodivergent. Neurotypical means being "neurologically typical" - within the typical (average) range for human neurology

Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself

A range of symptoms and experiences of a person's internal life that are commonly held to be troubling, confusing, or out of the ordinary

Any life event or life change that may be associated temporally (and perhaps causally) with the onset, occurrence, or exacerbation of a mental disorder

Describing the intersection and interaction of social, cultural, and environmental influences on the mind and behaviour

Biological indication of male and female (understood in the context of reproductive capacity), such as sex chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, and nonambiguous internal and external genitalia

Social disgracing, shaming, or isolation of a person because of personal attributes of people, especially those outside their control

Any emotional, physical, social, economic, or other factor that disrupts the normal physiological, cognitive, emotional, or behavioural balance of an individual

The pattern of specific and nonspecific responses a person makes to stimulus events that disturb his or her equilibrium and tax or exceed his or her ability to cope

The broad spectrum of individuals who transiently or permanently identify with a gender different from their natal gender

An individual who seeks, or has undergone, a social transition from male to female or female to male, which in many, but not all cases may also involve a somatic transition by cross-sex hormone treatment and genital surgery

Any event (or events) that may cause or threaten death, serious injury, or sexual violence to an individual, a close family member, or a close friend

Unpleasant or uncomfortable thoughts that cannot be consciously controlled by trying to turn the attention to other subjects

Lack of enjoyment from, engagement in, or energy for life's experiences; deficits in the capacity to feel pleasure and take interest in things

Engaging in behaviour designed to attract notice and to make oneself the focus of others' attention and admiration

The act of keeping away from stress-related circumstances; a tendency to circumvent cues, activities, and situations that remind the individual of a stressful event experienced

An inability to initiate and persist in goal-directed activities

Eating, within any 2-hour period, an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances. There is a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating.

It is a marked decrease in reactivity to the environment. This ranges from resistance to instructions; to maintaining a rigid, inappropriate or bizarre posture; to a complete lack of verbal and motor responses. It can also include purposeless and excessive motor activity without obvious cause. Other features are repeated stereotyped movements, staring, grimacing, mutism, and the echoing of speech.

Repetitive behaviours (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or mental acts (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words silently) that the individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession, or according to rules that must be applied rigidly. The behaviours or mental acts are aimed at preventing or reducing anxiety or distress, or preventing some dreaded event or situation; however, these behaviours or mental acts are not connected in a realistic way with what they are designed to neutralise or prevent or are clearly excessive

Orientation toward immediate gratification, leading to impulsive behavior driven by current thoughts, feelings, and external stimuli, without regard for past learning or consideration of future consequences

Inferred from an individual?s speech which displays constant switching from one topic to another and answers to questions may be obliquely related or completely unrelated. In worst cases, speech may be nearly incomprehensible and can resemble receptive aphasia in its linguistic disorganisation.

Difficulty concentrating and focusing on tasks; attention is easily diverted by extraneous stimuli; difficulty maintaining goal-focused behaviour, including both planning and completing tasks

Odd, unusual, or bizarre behaviour, appearance, and/or speech having strange and unpredictable thoughts; saying unusual or inappropriate things

A state (also called exhaustion, tiredness, lethargy, languidness, languor, lassitude, and listlessness) usually associated with a weakening or depletion of one's physical and/or mental resources, ranging from a general state of lethargy to a specific, work-induced burning sensation within one's muscles. Physical fatigue leads to an inability to continue functioning at one's normal level of activity. Although widespread in everyday life, this state usually becomes particularly noticeable during heavy exercise. Mental fatigue, by contrast, most often manifests as sleepiness

A nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations, distracting stimuli, or plays on words

Betting, gaming, or participating in an activity that is based on luck and not on the skills to win money or any other prize by wagering

Believing that one is superior to others and deserves special treatment; self- centeredness; feelings of entitlement; condescension toward others

Odd and inappropriate facial expressions unrelated to situation

Persistent or frequent angry feelings; anger or irritability in response to minor slights and insults; mean, nasty, or vengeful behaviour

Excessive sleepiness, as evidenced by prolonged nocturnal sleep, difficulty maintaining an alert awake state during the day, or undesired daytime sleep episodes

An enhanced state of sensory sensitivity accompanied by an exaggerated intensity of behaviours whose purpose is to detect threats. Hypervigilance is also accompanied by a state of increased anxiety which can cause exhaustion

Acting on the spur of the moment in response to immediate stimuli; acting on a momentary basis without a plan or consideration of outcomes; difficulty establishing and following plans; a sense of urgency and self-harming behaviour under emotional distress

Speech or thinking that is essentially incomprehensible to others because word or phrases are joined together without a logical or meaningful connection

A subjective complaint of difficulty falling or staying asleep or poor sleep quality

Depth and duration of connection with others; desire and capacity for closeness; mutuality of regard reflected in interpersonal behaviour

A state of decreased mental activity, characterised by sluggishness, drowsiness, inactivity, and reduced alertness

A mental state of elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and persistently in creased level of activity or energy

Opposition to suggestion or advice; behaviour opposite to that appropriate to a specific situation or against the wishes of others, including direct resistance to efforts to be moved

An acute mental breakdown when stress builds up to a level that someone is unable to cope with stress, worry, or other overwhelming emotions

Recurrent episodes of night eating, as manifested by eating after awakening from sleep or excessive food consumption after the evening meal

A self-inflicted pain or superficial damage, not intended to cause death

A sudden episode of intense fear that triggers severe physical reactions when there is no real danger or apparent cause

Excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension. The activity is usually nonproductive and repetitious and consists of behaviours such as pacing, fidgeting, wringing of the hands, pulling of clothes, and inability to sit still

Visible generalised slowing of movements and speech

Rigid insistence on everything being flawless, perfect, and without errors or faults, including one's own and others' performance; sacrificing of timeliness to ensure correctness in every detail; believing that there is only one right way to do things; difficulty changing ideas and/or viewpoint; preoccupation with details, organisation, and order

Engagement in dangerous, risky, and potentially self-damaging activities, unnecessarily and without regard to consequences; lack of concern for one's limitations and denial of the reality of personal danger; reckless pursuit of goals regardless of the level of risk involved

Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about, usually occurring during the first third of the major sleep episode. While sleepwalking, the person has a blank, staring face, is relatively unresponsive to the efforts of others to communicate with him or her, and can be awakened only with great difficulty

Preference for being alone to being with others; reticence in social situations; avoidance of social contacts and activity; lack of initiation of social contact

A state of near-sleep, a strong desire for sleep, or sleeping for unusually long periods. It has two distinct meanings, referring both to the usual state preceding falling asleep and to the chronic condition that involves being in that state independent of a circadian rhythm

Lack of psychomotor activity, which may range from not actively relating to the environment to complete immobility

Lack of concern for the feelings or problems of others; lack of guilt or remorse about the negative or harmful effects of one's actions on others

Avoidance of socioemotional experience

A condition in which a person experiences intense feelings

Instability of emotional experiences and mood; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or out of proportion to events and circumstances

A mental and emotional condition in which a person experiences intense feelings of well-being, elation, happiness, excitement, and joy

An emotional response to perceived imminent threat or danger associated with urges to flee or fight

A pervasive and sustained emotion that colours the perception of the world. Common examples of mood include depression, elation, anger, and anxiety

Frequent and intense experiences of high levels of a wide range of negative emotions (e.g., anxiety, depression, guilt/shame, worry, anger), and their behavioral (e.g., self-harm) and interpersonal (e.g., dependency) manifestations

Little reaction to emotionally arousing situations; constricted emotional experience and expression; indifference and aloofness in normatively engaging situations

Fears of being alone due to rejection by and/or separation from significant others, based in a lack of confidence in one's ability to care for oneself, both physically and emotionally

- An emotional outburst (also called a "tantrum"), usually associated with children or those in emotional distress, and typically characterised by stubbornness, crying, screaming, defiance, angry ranting, a resistance to attempts at pacification, and in some cases hitting. Physical control may be lost, the person may be unable to remain still, and even if the "goal" of the person is met, he or she may not be calmed

A set of symptoms that can occur after abrupt cessation, or marked reduction in dose, of an antidepressant medication that had been taken continuously for at least 1 month

A mental state characterized by very severe depression

An urge to move the legs, usually accompanied or caused by uncomfortable and unpleasant sensations in the legs

A pattern of the occurrence of a specific mental disorder in selected seasons of the year

A symptom of many mental illnesses, in which one has thoughts and ideas about ending one's life

Medicines used for relief of symptoms of depression

Class of medicines used to treat psychosis and other mental and emotional conditions

Class of medications used to treat disturbances in mood, including mania and depression

Using drugs or home remedies to self-administer treatment, without consulting a doctor

A condition in which one person is diagnosed with multiple illnesses

Mechanisms that mediate the individual's reaction to emotional conflicts and to external stressors. Some defense mechanisms (e.g., projection, splitting, acting out) are almost invariably maladaptive. Others (e.g., suppression, denial) may be either maladaptive or adaptive, depending on their severity, their inflexibility, and the context in which they occur

The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's mental processes, body, or actions (e.g., feeling like one is in a dream; a sense of unreality of self, perceptual alterations; emotional and/or physical numbing; temporal distortions; a sense of unreality)

The experience of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's surroundings (e.g., individuals or objects are experienced as unreal, dreamlike, foggy, lifeless, or visually distorted)

The splitting off of clusters of mental contents from conscious awareness

A dissociative state during which aspects of a traumatic event are reexperienced as though they were occurring at that moment

The erroneous belief that one's thoughts, words, or actions will cause or prevent a specific outcome in some way that defies commonly understood laws of cause and effect

Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are experienced, at some time during the disturbance, as intrusive and unwanted and that in most individuals cause marked anxiety or distress. The individual attempts to ignore or suppress such thoughts, urges, or images, or to neutralise them with some other thought or action (i.e., by performing a compulsion)

Ideation, of less than delusional proportions, involving suspiciousness or the belief that one is being harassed, persecuted, or unfairly treated

Standardised instruments such as scales, questionnaires, tests, and assessments that are designed to measure human knowledge, abilities, attitudes, or personality traits

Features characterised by delusions, hallucinations, and formal thought

- A state in which the mind uncontrollably brings up random thoughts and memories and switches between them very quickly. Sometimes the thoughts are related, with one thought leading to another; other times they are completely random

A situation that occurs with continued use of a drug in which an individual requires greater dosages to achieve the same effect

Dhat syndrome is a term that was coined in South Asia, a little more than half a century ago to account for common clinical presentations of young male patients who attributed their various symptoms to semen loss. Comparable concerns about white vaginal discharge (leukorrhea) have been associated with a variant of the concept for women.

Shenjing shuairuo ("weakness of the nervous system" in Mandarin Chinese) is a cultural syndrome that integrates conceptual categories of traditional Chinese medicine with the Western diagnosis of neurasthenia. In the second, revised edition of the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders (CCMD-2-R), shenjing shuairuo is defined as a syndrome composed of three out of five nonhierarchical symptom clusters: weakness (e.g., mental fatigue), emotions (e.g., feeling vexed), excitement (e.g., increased recollections), nervous pain (e.g., headache), and sleep (e.g., insomnia).

Taijin kyofusho ("interpersonal fear disorder" in Japanese) is a cultural syndrome characterised by anxiety about and avoidance of interpersonal situations due to the thought, feeling, or conviction that one's appearance and actions in social interactions are inadequate or offensive to others.